THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


PRESENTED  BY 
MRS.  NELLIE  R.  PREUSS 


Fruits 


Hawaiian  Islands 


GERRIT  PARMILE  WILDER 


IN    THREE    VOLUMES 

VOL.  I. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  THIRTY-SIX  HALF-TONE  PLATES  WITH 
DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SAME 


Copyright  December,  1906,  by 
GERRIT  PARMILE  WILDER 


HONOLULU 
siiKi)  BY  THE  HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  Co.,  LTP. 

1907 


-111 


**? 


Preface. 

In  introducing  to  the  public  this  book  on  the  "Fruits  of  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,"  I  desire  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  for 
assistance  in  my  researches,  to  various  works  on  Horticulture, 
and  to  many  personal  friends  for  their  valuable  assistance. 

My  intention  is  to  present  this  work  in  a  series  of  three  volumes, 
and  I  trust  that,  when  complete,  they  will  contain  a  comprehensive 
list  of  the  Fruits  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

GERRIT  PARMILE  WILDER. 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA 
•ANTA  BARBARA 


Index. 


Pages 

Preface    3 

Persea  gratissima,  Plate  1 6 —  7 

Persea  gratissima,  Plate  II 8 —  9 

Persea   gratissima,   Plate   III 10—11 

Punica  Granatum,  Plate  IV 12 — 13 

Ficus  Carica,  Plate  V 14—15 

Ficus  Carica,  Plate  VI 16—17 

Ficus  Carica,  Plate  VII 18 — 19 

Eugenia  malaccensis,  Plate  VIII 20—21 

Eugenia  sp.,  Plate  IX 22—23 

Eugenia  alba,  Plate  X 24 — 25 

Eugenia  sp.,  Plate  XI 26—27 

Eugenia  Jambos,  Plate  XII 28 — 29 

Eugenia   brasiliensis,    Plate   XIII 30 — 31 

Eugenia  uniflora,  Plate  XIV 32—33 

Eugenia  Jambolana,   Plate   XV 34 — 35 

Eugenia  Jambolana,   Plate  XVI: :  . .  .36—37 

Averrhoa   Carambola,   Plate   XVII 38—39 

Achras  Sapota,  Plate  XVIII 40—41 

Casimiroa  edulis,  Plate  XIX 42—43 

Primus  Persica,  Plate  XX 44—45 

Chrysophyllum  Cainito,  Plate  XXI 46 — 47 

Chrysophyllum  Cainito,  Plate  XXII 48—49 

Chrysophyllum  monopyrenum,  Plate  XXIII 50 — 51 

Chrysophyllum  sp.,  Plate  XXIV 52—53 

Spondias  dulcis,  Plate  XXV 54—55 

Spondias  lutea,  Plate  XXVI 56—57 

Mammea  americana,  Plate  XXVII 58 — 59 

Tamarindus  indica,  Plate  XXVIII 60—61 

Duno  zibethinus,  Plate  XXIX 62—63 

Aleurites  triloba,  Plate  XXX 64—65 

Coffea  arabica,  Plate  XXXI 66—67 

Coffea  liberica,  Plate  XXXII 68—69 

Cookia    punctata,    Plate    XXXIII 70—71 

Physalis  peruviana,  Plate  XXXIV 72—73 

Carica  Papaya,  Plate  XXXV 74—75 

Carica  Papaya,  Plate  XXXVI 76—77 


G    P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE   I. 

Per  sea  gratissima. 

AVOCADO,    PALTA    OR    ALLIGATOR    PEAR. 

Grown  in  the  garden  of  Gerrit  Wilder. 


PLATE   \.~Avocado. 


G.  P.  W.  Collection.  PLATE    1 1 

Pcrsea  gratissiina. 
AVOCADO. 

This  spreading  evergreen  tree  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies. 
In  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  first  trees  of  its  kind  were  said  to 
have  been  planted  in  Pauoa  Valley,  Oahu,  by  Don  Marin.  It  at- 
tains a  height  of  from  1040  feet,  and  is  adverse  to  drought.  Its 
leaves  are  elliptico-oblong,  from  4-7  inches  in  length.  The  flowers 
are  greenish-yellow  and  downy.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  from 
June  until  November,  is  a  round  or  pear-shaped  drupe,  covered 
with  a  thin,  rather  tough  skin,  which  is  either  green  or  purple  in 
color.  The  flesh  is  yellow,  firm  and  marrow-like,  and  has  a 
delicious  nutty  flavor.  The  seed-cavity  is  generally  large,  con- 
taining one  round  or  oblong  seed,  covered  by  a  thin,  brown, 
parchment-like  skin.  The  quality  of  the  pear  is  judged,  not  only 
by  its  flavor,  but  by  the  presence  or  absence  of  strings  or  fibre 
in  the  meat,  and  also  by  the  quantity  of  flesh  as  compared  to  the 
size  of  the  seed.  Innumerable  variations  as  to  size,  shape,  and 
quality  have  been  produced  from  seedlings — some  of  which  may 
be  seen  in  the  accompanying  illustration.  The  Avocado  is  easily 
reproduced  by  budding  and  grafting,  and  the  best  varieties  may 
be  obtained  in  this  manner. 


PLATE   II.— Avocado. 

One  third  natural  size. 


G.  P.    W.   Collection.  PLATE    III. 

Pcrsea  gratissima. 

GUATAMALA  AVOCADO. 

This  variety  is  a  native  of  Mexico,  and  although  known  as  the 
Guatamala  Avocado,  it  is  more  commonly  to  be  found  in  the 
markets  of  the  City  of  Mexico.  Its  leaves  are  purplish-green. 
The  flowers  which  appear  in  May  and  June,  are  like  those  of  the 
preceding  variety ;  and  the  drupe,  which  matures  in  the  early 
part  of  the  year,  has  a  long  stem.  This  fruit  is  round,  from 
3-5  inches  in  diameter,  has  a  thick,  tough,  rough  rind,  which 
when  ripe,  is  a  deep  claret  color,  and  the  meat  which  is  a  golden- 
yellow,  is  tinged  with  purple  next  to  the  rind,  and  is  free  from 
strings  or  fibres.  There  are  but  two  trees  of  this  variety  bear- 
ing fruit  in  Honolulu.  They  were  propagated  from  seeds  brought 
here  in  1890  by  Admiral  Beardsley.  These  two  trees  are  grow- 
ing in  private  gardens. 


PLATE   III. — Avocado. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.   //'.   Collection.  Pl.ATE   IV. 

Pnnica  Granatiiin. 

POMEGRANATE. 

The  name  was  derived  from  the  word  punicus,  of  Carthage, 
near  which  city  it  is  said  to  have  been  discovered ;  hence  malum- 
punicum,  Apple  of  Carthage,  which  was  the  early  name  of  the 
Pomegranate.  It  is  a  native  of  Northern  Africa,  and  of  South- 
western Asia,  and  is  grown  in  the  Himalayas  up  to  an  elevation 
of  6000  feet.  It  is  a  deciduous  shrub,  which  by  careful  training 
can  be  made  to  grow  into  a  tree  from  10-15  feet  high.  Many 
shoots  spring  from  the  base  of  the  tree,  and  should  be  cut  away, 
as  they  draw  the  sap  which  should  go  to  the  fruit-bearing  stems. 
The  branches  are  slender,  twiggy,  nearly  cylindrical,  and  some- 
what thorny.  The  bark  contains  about  32  per  cent,  tannin,  and 
is  used  for  dying  the  yellow  Morocco-leather.  The  peel  of  the 
fruit  serves  also  as  a  dye.  There  are  several  varieties  of  Pome- 
granate growing  in  Hawaii ;  the  double-flowering  variety  is  popu- 
lar as  an  ornamental  plant.  All  of  the  varieties  are  of  easy  cul- 
ture, and  are  readily  propagated  by  means  of  cuttings  of  the  ripe 
wood.  The  leaves  are  lanceolate,  glabrous,  and  a  glossy-green 
with  red  veins.  The  flowers  are  axillary,  solitary  or  in  small 
clusters,  and  in  color  are  a  very  showy  rich  orange-red.  The 
fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an  ordinary  orange,  has  a  persistent 
calyx,  and  is  made  up  of  many  small  compartments  arranged  in 
two  series,  one  above  the  other.  The  crisp,  sweet,  watery  pink 
pulp  enveloping  each  seed,  is  the  edible  portion  of  the  Pomegrante. 


-ATK  IV.  —Pomegranate, 


r.4 


G.  P.    W.  Collection.  Pl.ATE   V. 

Ficus  Carica  (common  variety). 

FIG. 

The  Fig  is  the  most  ancient,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  valuable 
of  all  fruit  trees.  Its  name  is  nearly  the  same  in  all  European 
languages.  The  tree  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Caria  in  Asia 
Minor.  The  intelligent  cultivators  of  Anatolia  by  whom  the 
Smyrna  Figs  are  produced,  adhere  to  the  caprification  process, 
used  from  time  immemorial.  In  California,  efforts  have  been 
made  to  test  this  process.  In  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  the  Portu- 
guese seem  to  be  the  most  successful  cultivators  of  the  Fig,  and 
several  varieties  are  to  be  found  throughout  the  group.  This 
common  variety  grows  to  a  height  of  from  10-20  feet,  is  hardy, 
and  can  easily  be  propagated  from  cuttings.  Its  leaves  are  alter- 
nate, 3-5  deeply  lobed,  and  are  shed  during  the  fall  months,  at 
which  season  careful  pruning  will  increase  the  following  year's 
yield.  The  fruit  is  single,  appearing  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
on  the  new  wood.  It  is  a  hollow,  pear-shaped  receptacle,  contain- 
ing many  minute  seeds,  scattered  throughout  a  soft  pinkish-white 
pulp. 


PLATE  V.—Fig. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.  it'.  Collection.  PLATE  VI. 

Ficus  Carica. 


Some  years  ago,  this  variety  of  Fig  was  to  be  found  growing 
in  large  numbers  at  Makawao,  and  in  the  Kula  district  of  Maui. 
Now,  however,  there  are  few,  if  any  trees  remaining,  as  a  de- 
structive blight,  together  with  the  lack  of  proper  attention,  has 
caused  their  extermination.  This  variety  is  very  prolific.  The 
fruit  is  small,  pear-shaped,  and  has  a  particularly  sweet  and 
delicious  flavor. 


17 


PLATE  \\.-Fig. 

One  half  natural  size 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE   VI 1. 

Ficns  Carica  (white  or  lemon  variety). 
FIG. 

This  is  a  low-growing  tree  with  compact  foliage.  The  leaves 
are  small,  and  the  fruit  is  round-turbinate,  about  i-il/2  inches  in 
diameter.  The  skin  is  very  thin,  is  light-green  in  color,  turning 
to  a  greenish-yellow  when  thoroughly  ripe.  The  pulp  is  pink, 
very  sweet,  and  when  quite  ripe  is  free  from  milky  juice.  This 
variety  is  also  prolific,  is  easily  dried,  and  on  this  account  would 
find  a  readv  sale  in  our  markets. 


PLATE  V\\.-Fig. 

One  half  natural  size 


G.  I>.    II'.   Collection.  PLATE   VIII. 

Eugenia  inalaccensis. 

MOUNTAIN   APPLE,    "OHIA   AI." 

This  tree  is  found  on  all  the  large  islands  of  the  Polynesian 
groups,  and  in  the  Malaysian  Archipelago.  In  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  it  confines  itself  almost  entirely  to  the  moist,  shady  val- 
leys, and  thrives  well,  up  to  an  elevation  of  1800  feet.  It  is  gener- 
ally gregarious,  and  on  the  north  side  of  East  Maui  it  forms  a 
forest  belt.  It  attains  a  height  of  from  25-50  feet.  Its  dark, 
shiny,  glabrous  leaves  are  opposite,  elliptico-oblong,  and  from 
6-7  inches  long,  and  from  2^-3  inches  broad.  The  flowers  are 
crimson  fluffy  balls,  appearing  in  March  and  April,  on  the  naked 
branches  and  upper  trunk  of  the  tree.  The  fruit,  which  ripens 
from  July  until  December,  generally  contains  one  seed,  is  obovate, 
about  3  inches  in  diameter.  The  skin  is  so  thin  as  to  be  barely 
perceptible,  and  the  fruit  is  very  easily  bruised.  In  color,  it  is  a 
deep,  rich  crimson,  shading  into  pink  and  white;  the  pulp  is  firm, 
white,  and  juicy,  with  a  very  agreeable  flavor. 


PLATE  VIII. -Mountain   Apple. 

One  third  natural  size. 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  pLATE   IX. 

Eugenia  sp  (Solomon  Island  variety). 

WATER  APPLE. 

This  low-growing  tree  is  very  rare  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
It  was  introduced  here,  from  the  Solomon  Islands,  by  Mr.  A. 
Jaeger.  The  foliage  and  crimson  flowers  resemble  those  of  the 
Eugenia  melaccensis,  but  the  drupe  is  not  so  highly  colored,  and 
is,  in  shape,  much  more  elongated.  Specimens  of  this  sweet  edible 
fruit  have  measured  5  inches  in  length. 


PLATE  IX.-  Water  Apple. 

One  fourth  natural  size. 


G.  P    W.  Collection.  Pl.ATE   X. 

Eugenia  alba  (white  variety,). 

WATER  APPLE. 

This  tree  is  a  native  of  the  Malay  Islands.  The  foliage  is 
symmetrical,  and  its  opposite  shiny  leaves  are  broad,  lanceolate, 
and  obtusely-acuminate.  The  pure  white  flowers,  which  bloom 
from  March  until  June,  are  about  l/2 -inch  in  diameter,  and  are  pro- 
duced in  bunches  on  the  naked  branches.  The  fruit,  which  is 
also  produced  in  bunches,  ripens  in  October.  It  is  transversely 
oval  in  shape,  about  1-1^2  inches  in  diameter  at  its  largest  end. 
It  contains  from  1-3  seeds.  Even  when  quite  ripe,  the  fruit  re- 
mains pure  white  in  color,  and  has  a  tart,  insipid  flavor. 


PLATE     \.—  U'af?r  Applt 

One  half  natural  size. 


G    P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE   XI. 

Eugenia  sp.  (red  variety). 

WATER  APPLE. 

This  low-growing  tree  with  its  bright  evergreen  foliage,  is  not 
common  in  Hawaii.  The  flowers  are  small,  deep  crimson,  and  ap- 
pear on  the  branches  either  singly  or  in  bunches.  The  contrast 
between  these  brilliant  flowers,  and  the  fresh  green  leaves  makes 
a  very  beautiful  sight  when  the  tree  is  in  full  bloom.  The  fruit, 
which  ripens  in  July,  appears  in  clusters ;  it  is  the  same  shape  as 
that  of  the  preceding  variety,  but  in  color  it  is  a  bright  scarlet. 
It  contains  from  1-3  seeds,  which  are  somewhat  difficult  to  germ- 
inate. The  fruit  is  crisp,  watery,  and  has  a  sub-acid  flavor. 


^ 


PLATE    TL\.- Water  Apple. 

One  third  natural  size. 


G.  P.    W.   Collection.  PLATE  XII. 

Eugenia  Jainbos. 

ROSE   APPLE. 

This  evergreen  tree,  which  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  is 
of  medium  size,  reaching  a  height  of  from  20-30  feet.  It  grows 
well  in  Hawaii,  and  is  found  at  an  elevation  of  2000  feet.  It  is 
propagated  from  seed,  as  well  as  from  cuttings  of  the  ripe  wood. 
The  leaves  are  lanceolate,  acuminate,  thick  and  shiny.  The  large, 
fluffy  flowers  which  appear  from  January  until  April,  are  pro- 
duced freely,  and  are  a  beautiful  creamy-white.  The  fruit  is  a 
somewhat  compressed,  globular  shell,  varying  in  size  from  1-2 
inches  in  diameter,  and  with  a  large  cavity,  containing  generally 
one  seed.  This  shell,  which  is  the  edible  portion  of  the  fruit,  is 
a  light-creamy-yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  pale-pink  on  one  side ;  it 
requires  from  2-2]/2  months  to  mature.  It  is  firm,  crisp,  and  has 
a  delicious  flavor  somewhat  resembling  an  apricot,  and  with  a 
rose  odor.  The  season  for  the  fruit  varies  according  to  the  eleva- 
tion, but  ends  about  August  or  September. 


V 


PLATE  XII.—  Rose  Apple. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.   W.   Collection  PLATE   XIII. 

Eugenia  brasiliaisis. 

BRAZILIAN  PLUM,  OR  SPANISH   CHERRY. 

This  evergreen  shrub,  or  low-growing  tree,  which  in  many 
countries  is  said  to  reach  a  height  of  but  6  feet,  in  Hawaii  attains 
a  height  of  20  feet ;  and  although  it  thrives  in  comparatively  high 
altitudes,  it  bears  best  below  the  2oo-foot  elevation,  and  requires 
considerable  moisture.  The  bluntish,  dark,  shiny  leaves,  which 
are  scale-like  along  the  branches,  are  obovate,oblong,  and  about  3 
inches  in  length.  The  blossoming  season  varies  according  to  the 
location,  however,  the  tree  generally  has  flowers  and  fruit  from 
July  until  December.  The  fruit  is  the  size  of  a  cherry,  is  deep 
purple  in  color,  and  the  persistent  calyx  is  very  prominent.  The 
sweet  pulp  has  a  very  agreeable  flavor. 

Probably  the  first  plants  of  this  variety  were  brought  here  by 
Don  Marin,  about  a  century  ago.  Some  fine  trees  may  be  found 
in  Pauoa  and  Makiki  valleys,  and  also  in  Nuuanu,  in  the  garden 
which  formerly  belonged  to  Dr.  Hillebrand. 


PLATE  XIII.— Brazilian  Plum,  or  Spanish  Chcrty. 
One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.    If.    Collection  PLATE   XIV. 

Eugenia  unifiora. 

FRENCH    CHERRY. 

This  shrub  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Brazil.  In  Hawaii,  it  is  a 
common  garden  plant,  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  10  feet. 
Its  glossy  leaves  are  ovate-lanceolate,  and  its  peduncles  short. 
It  has  small,  single,  white  fragrant  flowers.  The  mature  fruit, 
which  resembles  a  cherry,  is  about  I  inch  in  diameter,  and  is 
ribbed  longitudinally.  It  has  a  delicious,  spicy,  acid  flavor. 
There  is  generally  one  large,  round,  smooth  seed. 


33 


PLATE  XIV. — French  Cherry. 

One  third  natural  size. 


C.  P.    W,   Collection  PLATE   XV. 

Eugenia  Jainbolana. 

PORTUGUESE  PLUM. 

This  tall,  hardy  tree  is  a  native  of  Southern  Asia.  In  Polynesia 
it  grows  well,  up  to  an  elevation  of  5000  feet.  It  is  a  very  com- 
mon tree  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Its  leaves,  which  are  from 
4-6  inches  long,  and  from  2-3  inches  broad,  are  opposite,  obtuse 
or  shortly-acuminate.  The  flowers,  which  bloom  in  June,  July 
and  August,  are  white  and  quite  fragrant,  and  are  especially  at- 
tractive to  the  honey-bee.  The  oblong  fruit  grows  in  large 
clusters,  ripens  from  September  until  November,  and  varies  in 
size  from  a  cherry  to  a  pigeon's  egg.  It  is  purplish-black  in 
color,  and  is  edible  only  when  thoroughly  ripe.  It  contains  one 
large  oblong  seed. 


35 


PLATE  XV. — Portuguese  Plum, 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.    Jf.   Collection.  PLATE   XVI. 

Eugenia  Jambolana  (small  variety). 

PORTUGUESE   PLUM. 

This  tree,  which  is  also  very  common  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
is  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  Dr.  Hillebrand.  It  bears  but 
one  crop  a  year,  will  grow  in  any  soil,  and  withstands  dry  weather. 
The  foliage  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  preceding  variety ;  its  leaves 
are  narrower,  and  a  lighter  green  in  color.  It  blooms  at  about 
the  same  time  of  year,  but  its  flowers  are  not  as  large,  and  appear 
in  thick  bunches.  The  purplish  fruit  ripens  from  September 
until  December. 


37 


PLATE  VI. — Portuguese  Plum, 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE   XVII. 

Avcrrhoa  Carainbola. 

This  tree,  which  is  said  to  have  been  named  after  Averrhoes, 
an  Arabian  physician,  is  a  native  of  Insular  India,  and  is  much 
cultivated  in  India  and  China.  It  is  evergreen,  with  dense  foliage, 
and  grows  to  a  height  of  from  15-20  feet.  It  is  easily  propa- 
gated from  seeds,  and  fruits  in  about  three  years.  In  Hawaii  it 
bears  one  crop  annually,  the  flowers  appearing  in  July  and  the 
fruit  in  November  and  December.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  odd- 
pinnate.  The  flowers,  which  are  borne  in  clusters  on  the  naked 
stems  and  branches,  are  minute,  fragrant,  and  in  color  shading 
from  a  pale  pink  to  a  deep  purplish-red.  The  fruit,  varying  in 
size  from  a  hen's  egg  to  an  orange,  is  ovate,  and  has  5  acutely- 
angled  longitudinal  ribs.  The  fragrant  light-yellow  skin  is  very 
thin,  and  the  pulp  is  watery ;  it  contains  a  number  of  flat  brown 
seeds.  This  fruit  is  of  two  varieties :  the  sweet,  which  may  be 
eaten  raw,  and  the  acid  which  is  delicious  when  preserved.  A 
very  appetizing  pickle  may  be  made  from  the  half-ripe  fruit  of 
the  acid  varietv. 


39 


PLATE  XVII. — Averrhoa  Carainbola. 


G.  P.    IV.  Collection  PLATE   XVIII. 

Achras  Sapota. 

SAPODILLA,  OR  NASEBERRY. 

This  tree,  which  grows  on  almost  ail  of  the  Islands  of  the 
Hawaiian  group,  is  a  fine  evergreen,  growing  to  a  height  of  from 
10-20  feet,  and  producing  a  fruit  which  is  much  prized  in  warm 
countries.  The  bark  possesses  tonic  properties,  and  from  the 
juice  chewing-gun  is  made.  Its  foliage  is  dense,  and  the  shiny 
leaves  are  thick,  lance-oblong,  entire,  and  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  The  flowers  which  are  small,  whitish,  and  per- 
fect, are  borne  on  the  rusty  pubescent  growths  of  the  season.  The 
fruit,  of  which  there  are  two  varieties,  the  round  and  the  oblong, 
is  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg.  It  has  a  rough  skin,  the  color 
of  a  russet  apple,  beneath  which  is  a  firm,  somewhat  stringy, 
sweet  pulp,  having  the  flavor  of  an  apricot:  This  pulp  is  divided 
into  10-12  compartments,  and  contains  from  4-6  large,  flat, 
smooth  black  seeds. 


PLATE  XVIII. — Sapodilla,  or  Naseberry. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G    P.   U'.  Collection.  PLATE   XIX. 

Casiniiroa  c  did  is. 

WHITE  SAPOTA. 

This  tree,  which  is  a  native  of  Mexico,  is  said  to  have  been 
named  after  Cardinal  Casimiro  Gomez.  The  first  tree  of  its 
kind  in  Hawaii,  was  planted  in  1884,  at  the  Government  Nursery, 
Honolulu.  The  seed  came  from  Santa  Barbara,  California,  where 
there  grows  today,  a  tree  more  than  80  years  old,  and  which  still 
bears  its  fruit.  It  is  a  tall  evergreen  with  irregular  branches ; 
its  digitate  leaves  are  dark  and  glossy.  The  trunk  is  ashen  grey, 
with  warty  excrescences.  The  fruit,  which  matures  in  April 
and  May,  is  large,  1-4  inches  in  diameter;  it  is  depressed- 
globular  and  somewhat  ribbed,  like  a  tomato;  in  color  it  is  a  light 
green,  turning  to  a  dull  yellow  when  ripe,  and  it  has  a  very  thin 
skin.  The  pulp  is  yellow,  resembling  that  of  an  over-ripe  papaia, 
and  has  a  melting,  peach-like  flavor.  It  contains  from  1-3  large 
oblong  seeds  which  are  said  to  be  deleterious. 


PLATE  XIX.—  White  Sapota. 

One  third  natural  size. 


44 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE   XX. 

P 'run its  Pcrsica. 


The  Peach-tree  is  said  by  some  authorities  to  be  indigenous  to 
Persia,  while  by  others  it  is  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  China.  It 
is  a  hardy  tree,  and  has  been  known  to  bear  fruit  precociously 
even  in  the  second  year  after  planting.  If  allowed  to  do  so,  the 
Peach  will  grow  to  a  height  of  about  15  feet;  but  it  should  be 
pruned  annually,  in  order  to  secure  a  good  crop.  Its  leaves  are 
lanceolate  and  coarsely  serrate.  The  flowers  are  solitary,  pink  in 
color,  and  appear  before  the  leaves.  The  fruit  is  soft  and 
pubescent  at  maturity.  The  stone  is  deeply  pitted  and  very 
hard.  There  are  two  well-marked  varieties,  the  cling-stone  and 
the  free-stone. 

Ulupalakua  and  Makawao,  Maui,  once  had  the  reputation  of 
growing  finely  flavored  seedling  peaches ;  however,  many  of  these 
trees  have  been  injured  by  cattle,  and  others  have  been  destroyed 
by  root-fungus  and  insect  pests.  In  several  localities  in  Hawaii 
good  peaches  have  been  grown  from  imported  varieties. 


45 


PLATE  XX.— Peach. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.   W.   Collection.  pLATE   XXI. 

Chrysophyllum  Cainito  (purple  variety). 

STAR  APPLE. 

This  tree  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and  although  not  com- 
mon in  Hawaii,  there  are  good  specimens  to  be  found  in  many 
gardens.  It  has  large  irregular  spreading  branches,  grows  to  a 
height  of  from  10-25  feet,  and  has  rather  thick  foliage.  Propaga- 
tion is  ordinarily  effected  by  seeds,  which  germinate  readily,  when 
fresh.  It  can  also  be  grown  from  cuttings  of  the  ripe  wood.  The 
tree  derives  its  name  from  the  words  "chrysos,"  gold,  and 
"phyllon,"  a  leaf;  referring  to  the  golden-russet  color  of  the  un- 
der-side of  the  beautiful,  glossy  green  leaves.  The  small  flowers, 
which  appear  from  June  until  October,  are  solitary  at  the  nodes, 
or  in  fascicles.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  April,  is  round,  about 
3^  inches  in  diameter,  has  a  smooth  tough  rind,  about  1/16  inch 
thick,  which  is  a  deep  purple  in  color.  A  cross-section  of  the 
fruit  shows  the  edible  pulp  with  its  numerous  black  seeds,  and 
the  star-shaped  core,  from  which  the  fruit  derives  its  common 
name  of  Star  Apple.  Unless  the  fruit  is  thoroughly  ripe,  its 
milky  juice  is  remarkably  astringent. 


17 


PLATE  XXI.—  Star  Apple. 

One  halt  natural  size. 


G.  P.   1C.   Collection.  PLATE   XXII. 

Chrysophylhtm  Cainito  (white  variety). 

STAR   APPLE. 

This  tree,  which  will  bear  fruit  in  four  or  five  years,  has  about 
the  same  characteristics  as  that  of  the  preceding  variety.  The 
fruit  is  somewhat  larger,  and  is  not  quite  so  sweet.  In  color  it 
is  a  pale  green,  shaded  with  purple. 


PLATE  XXII.— Star  Apple. 

One  hall  natural  si/e. 


G.  P.    W.   Collection.  pLATE   XXIII. 

Chrysophyllum  monopyrenum. 

This  small  tree,  which  is  indigenous  to  the  West  Indies,  is  also 
a  native  of  Southern  Florida,  and  is  to  be  found  as  an  ornamental 
plant  in  many  localities  of  tropical  America.  In  Jamaica  it  is 
called  the  "Damson  Plum."  Its  small  single  white  flowers  are 
highly  perfumed.  The  fruit,  which  matures  from  August  until 
December,  is  small,  ovoid-oblong,  and  when  ripe  is  purplish- 
black  ;  when  bruised  it  emits  a  white  sticky  juice.  It  contains  one 
large  seed.  Specimens  of  this  tree  are  to  be  found  growing  in  the 
grounds  of  the  Queen's  Hospital  and  at  the  Government  Nursery, 
Honolulu. 


PLATE  XXIII. — Chrysophyllnm  Monopyrcnuin, 
One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.    W.   Collection.  PLATE    XXIV 

Chrysophylhun  sp. 

This  handsome  evergeen  tree,  with  its  bright  glossy  green 
leaves,  is  very  suitable  for  hedges  and  wind-breaks.  Its  leaves 
are  altenate,  irregular,  ovate,  and  accuminate.  The  small  solitary 
flowers  have  many  creamy  white  petals,  and  are  very  fragrant. 
The  yellow  fruit  is  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  olive,  con- 
tains a  dry  mealy  pulp,  and  has  one  large,  flat  brown  seed. 


PLATE  XXIV, — Chrysophyllnm. 

One  half  natural  size. 


54 


G.  P.  if.  Collection.  PLATE  XXV. 

Spond'ias  dnlcis. 

wi. 

This  deciduous  tree  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  the  Society  Islands, 
and  is  common  to  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  It  is  a  large, 
spreading  and  graceful  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  from  30-50 
feet.  Its  pinnate  leaves  are  green  and  glossy;  the  leaflets  are 
oval-oblong  and  opposite  .  The  foliage  is  shed  from  December 
until  April.  The  flowers  are  paniculate,  small,  and  greenish- 
white.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  from  November  until  April,  is 
a  fleshy  drupe,  oval  in  shape,  from  1-3  inches  in  diameter;  it 
has  a  thin,  smooth  golden-yellow  skin,  which  has  a  rather  sour 
disagreeable  odor.  The  fleshy  pulp  is  light  yellow,  is  mellow 
when  quite  ripe,  and  has  a  sub-acid  delicious  flavor,  compared 
by  some  to  the  pineapple.  Within  this  pulp  is  embedded  a  1-5 
loculed  bony  endocarp,  which  contains  generally  one  seed.  This 
endocarp  is  covered  with  fibres  which  penetrate  the  pulp. 

The  first  Wi  tree  in  Hawaii  was  planted  at  the  residence  of 
John  S.  Walker,  Nuuanu  Valley. 


55 


PLATE  XXY.-.S>W/<r.v   dulcis. 

One  thinl  natural  size. 


G.  P.    H\   Collection.  PLATE    XXVI. 

Spondias  Intca. 

HOG  PLUM. 

This  tree  is  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  where  it  is  commonly 
called  the  Hog  Plum,  and  is  used  there  for  fattening  swine.  In 
Jamaica  it  grows  well,  up  to  an  elevation  of  4000  feet.  It  is  a 
large,  graceful  tree,  about  50  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  it  is  particularly  beautiful  when  in  fruit.  The  pinnate  leaves 
are  a  clear  green,  the  leaflets  are  ovate-lanceolate,  and  the  golden- 
yellow  fruit  hangs  in  clusters.  It  ripens  in  September  and  Octo- 
ber. The  fruit  is  ovoid,  about  i  inch  long ;  it  has  a  smooth  skin, 
with  a  disagreeable  odor.  There  is  one  large  seed,  which  re- 
sembles the  husk  of  a  ground-nut.  This  fruit  has  somewhat  the 
flavor  of  the  pineapple,  and  is  cooling  and  aromatic.  To  my 
knowledge  there  is  but  one  tree  of  this  kind  in  bearing  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  that  is  growing  in  private  grounds  in 
Honolulu. 


57 


PLATE  XXVI.—  Hog  Plum. 

One  half  natural  size. 


5* 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  PLATE  XXVII. 

Maminea  americana. 

MAMMEE  APPLE. 

The  Mammee  Apple,  which  grows  well  in  Hawaii,  is  a  native 
of  the  West  Indies,  and  is  a  fruit  much  esteemed  in  tropical  coun- 
tries. In  Jamaica  it  thrives  well,  up  to  an  elevation  of  3000  feet. 
The  tree  attains  a  height  of  from  30-40  feet,  and  the  wood,  which 
is  beautifully  grained,  is  durable  and  well  adapted  to  building 
purposes.  Its  leaves  are  rigid  and  leathery.  The  round  seeds, 
varying  in  number  from  1-4,  germinate  freely,  and  the  young 
plants  are  easily  raised.  The  fruit  is  from  3-6  inches  in  dia- 
meter, is  brown  or  russet  color,  and  has  a  yellow  juicy  pulp, 
which  is  sweet  and  aromatic.  The  outer  rind,  as  well  as  the  pulp 
immediately  surrounding  the  seeds,  is  very  bitter.  The  fruit 
may  be  eaten  raw,  and  is  also  very  delicious  when  preserved. 


PLATE  XXVll.—Mammee  Apple. 

One  fourth  natural  size. 


G.  P.    W.   Collection  PLATE   XXVIII. 

Tamarlndns  indica. 

TAMARIND. 

The  name  is  derived  from  Tamar,  Arabic  for  Date,  and  Indus, 
Indian ;  thus  literally  meaning  Indian  Date.  It  is  a  native  of  the 
Indies,  Egypt  and  Arabia.  The  tree  is  never  leafless,  and  the 
foliage  is  graceful,  pinnated  and  acacia-like.  It  bears  one  crop  a 
year,  the  season  varying  somewhat  according  to  the  location  and 
elevation.  It  yields  a  handsome,  hard  and  close-grained  furniture 
wood,  which  is  yellowish-white,  with  occasional  red  streaks  in  it; 
the  heart-wood  is  dark  brownish-purple.  The  pods  are  thick, 
linear,  dark  brown  in  color,  and  from  3-6  inches  long.  The  seeds 
vary  in  number.  The  pulp  surrounding  the  seeds  has  a  pleasant 
acid  flavor,  and  when  made  into  syrup,  forms  the  basis  of  a  delici- 
ous cooling  beverage.  This  pulp  is  called  the  fruit,  while  the  pod 
is  spoken  of  as  the  shell.  The  Tamarind  is  propagated  from  both 
seeds  and  cuttings,  and  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  noblest  of  our 
tropical  trees. 


6i 


PLATE  XX\'III. —  Tamarind. 
One  half  natural  size. 


62 


G.  P.    W.  Collection.  PLATE  XXIX. 

Dnrio  zibcthinns. 

DURION. 

This  fine  tree  attains  a  height  of  from  60-80  feet ;  it  derives 
its  name  from  the  Malay  word  dury,  a  thorn,  in  reference  to  the 
prickly  covering  of  the  fruit.  The  leaves,  which  are  a  light  glossy 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  are  alternate,  entire,  elliptical  and 
acute.  The  yellowish-white  flowers  are  large.  The  fruit,  which 
is  either  globular  or  oval,  sometimes  measures  10  inches  in  length. 
It  has  a  hard  rind,  covered  with  thorny  warts  or  spines,  and 
externally  looks  not  unlike  a  breadfruit.  When  ripe,  it  is  brown- 
ish-yellow, and,  when  opened  at  its  lower  end,  shows  5  longi- 
tudinal sections  or  cells,  each  containing  from  1-4  seeds  about 
the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg.  The  edible  pulp  surrounding  the  seeds 
is  firm -and  cream-colored.  The  Durion  is  remarkable  for  its  com- 
bination of  an  absolutely  delicious  flavor,  and  an  abominably 
offensive  odor.  To  my  knowledge  there  is  but  one  tree  in  bear- 
ing in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  ,and  that  is  growing  in  private 
grounds  at  Lihue,  Kauai. 


PLATE  XXIX. — Durion. 

One  third  natural  size. 


G.  P.   1C.  Collection  PLATE  XXX. 

Aleurites  triloba. 

CANDLE-NUT — KUKUI-NUT. 

The  name  Aleurites  is  from  the  Greek  word  signifying  flour :  as 
the  tree,  so  easily  recognizable  from  afar  off  by  the  pale  hue  of 
its  foliage,  appears  to  be  dusteu  over  with  flour.  It  is  a  hand- 
some, soft  wood,  evergreen  tree,  growing  to  a  height  of  from 
40-60  feet,  and  is  widely  spread  over  tropical  Polynesia,  and  a 
great  part  of  Malaysia ;  and  by  all  branches  of  the  Polynesian 
race,  it  is  called  by  the  same  name :  Kukui  or  Tutui.  The  natives 
tattooed  their  skins  with  a  black  dye  which  they  prepared  from 
the  juice  which  is  found  in  the  fleshy  covering  of  the  green  fruit. 
The  leaves  are  alternate,  3-5  lobed,  pubescent,  and  have  long 
petioles.  The  yellowish-green  flowers  are  in  terminal  clusters. 
The  fruit  is  spherical,  from  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  and  light- 
green  in  color.  It  contains  one  or  more  nuts,  or  seeds,  which 
have  a  very  hard  bony  shell,  the  surface  of  which  is  uneven  like 
the  shell  of  a  walnut.  The  kernals  of  this  nut,  when  dried,  were 
strung  together,  or  bound  on  sticks,  and  served  the  natives  for 
torches  or  candles :  thus  the  English  name  of  Candlenut  Tree. 
The  oil  obtained  from  the  nut  was  used  by  the  Hawaiians  for 
burning  in  stone  lamps.  The  kernel,  when  baked,  pounded,  and 
mixed  with  salt  and  Chili  peppers,  makes  a  brown  paste  which  is 
very  appetizing.  This  is  esteemed  by  the  Hawaiians,  who  call  it 
"Inamona  " 


PLATE  XXX.— Candle  Nut  ( Kukui  Nut). 

One  third  natural  size. 


66 


G.  P    U'.   Collection.  1'l.ATEXXXl. 

Coffca  arabica. 

ARABIAN    COFFEE. 

The  Coffee-tree  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Abyssinia.  Two 
species,  the  Arabian  and  the  Liberian,  are  now  cultivated  through- 
out the  tropics.  The  use  of  coffee  was  known  in  Arabia  long 
before  it  was  introduced  to  Europeans  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  Dutch  were  the  first  to  introduce  the  plant  into  Europe.  The 
Arabian  Coffee-tree  is  low-growing,  and  bears  one  crop  annually ; 
its  leaves  are  elliptico-oblong,  acuminate,  generally  from  3-6 
inches  long,  and  are  thin  and  shiny.  The  white  flowers  appear  in 
clusters,  and  are  very  fragrant.  The  berries  are  ovoid,  fleshy 
and  bright  red.  In  this  berry,  are  found  the  two  seeds,  which 
constitute  the  coffee  of  commerce.  The  Coffee-tree  was  intro- 
duced into  Hawaii  about  1823,  by  a  Frenchman,  who  established 
a  small  plantation  in  Manoa  Valley,  Oahu.  The  tree  is  now  well 
naturalized  in  the  woods  of  Kona,  Hawaii,  and  elsewhere  in  the 
Islands,  and  flourishes  up  to  an  elevation  of  from  1000-2COO  feet. 


PLATE  XX\l.—.-lrabian  Coffee. 

One  half  natural  size 


(8 


G.  P.    W.   Collection.  PLATE   XXXII. 

Coffea  liberica. 

LIBERIAN    COFFEE. 

This  species  is  a  tall  grower,  is  highly  ornamental  in  foliage, 
and  is  a  rich  bearer.  Its  leaves  are  from  6-12  inches  long.  The 
white  flowers  come  in  dense  clusters,  and  are  more  robust  and 
productive  than  are  those  of  the  Arabica.  The  berries  are  nearly 
spherical,  and  in  color,  are  a  dull  crimson.  The  pulp  is  large  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  seeds.  Although  this  variety  has 
not  become  popular  in  Hawaii,  it  is  claimed  that  it  will  grow  at 
a  much  lower  elevation  than  will  the  Arabica,  and  the  flavor  is 
said  to  be  very  fine. 


PLATE  XXXll.—Li6erian  Coffee. 

One  half  natural  size. 


G.  P.   IV.  Collection.  PLATE   XXXIII. 

Cookia  punctata. 

WAMPI. 

This  odorous  tree  is  a  native  of  China.  It  is  a  symmetrical 
evergreen  with  dense  foliage.  The  light  mossy-green  leaves  are 
imparipinnate,  the  leaflets  ovate-repand  and  they  are  rough  on  the 
under  surface.  The  flowers,  which  are  borne  in  clusters,  on  the 
new  wood,  are  small,  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.  The  fruit  ripens 
from  June  until  October ;  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  gooseberry ; 
the  skin  is  yellowish-brown,  shaded  with  green.  The  pulp  is  sub- 
acid  with  a  balsamic  fragrance.  It  contains  one  large  seed  about 
the  size  of  a  kernel  of  corn.  There  are  two  varieties,  the  sweet 
and  the  sour;  both  may  be  eaten  raw,  and  are  very  highly  prized 
by  the  Chinese.  I  know  of  but  one  tree  of  this  kind  in  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  it  is  of  the  sour  variety,  and  is  growing  in  a 
private  garden  in  Honolulu. 


PLATE  XXXIII.—  ll'ainpi. 


G.  P.   W.  Collection.  Pi.ATK   XXXIV. 

Physalis  peruviana. 

CAPE  GOOSEBERRY POHA. 

This  shrub  or  bush,  is  a  native  of  Brazil,  but  is  naturalized  in 
many  warm  countries.  It  stands  partially  erect,  reaching  a 
height  of  from  1^2-3  feet.  Its  pointed  leaves,  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  are  very  fuzzy.  The  open,  bell-shaped  flowers  are  yel- 
low in  color.  The  fruit,  which  is  about  the  size  of  a  cherry,  is 
enclosed  in  a  thin,  yellow,  paper-like  husk,  which  is  quite  hairy. 
When  ripe,  the  fruit  is  yellow,  and  has  a  delicious  sub-acid  pulp, 
filled  with  minute  seeds.  The  Poha  may  be  eaten  raw,  but  is 
much  more  acceptable  when  made  into  jam  or  jelly.  The  dried 
fruit  is  said  to  be  a  substitute  for  yeast.  In  Hawaii,  the  Poha 
thrives  best  in  the  cool  elevations. 


7? 


PLATE  XXXIX'.  —  Cape  Gooseberry  (  Poha) 


74 


G.  P.  w.  Collection.  PLATE  XXXV 

Carica  Papaya. 
PAPAIA  (fruit,  female  tree). 

The  Papaya  is  a  native  of  South  America ;  it  is  found  in  Florida, 
and  in  many  other  parts  of  tropical  America ;  it  was  early  intro- 
duced into  Hawaii,  grows  and  bears  well  in  almost  any  locality. 
It  is  a  small  tree,  with  a  hollow  branchless  trunk ;  is  of  short 
vitality,  and  is  suitable  only  to  regions  free  from  frost,  and  re- 
quires perfect  drainage.  There  are  two  varieties,  the  tall  and  the 
dwarf,  but  there  are  numerous  variations  as  to  shape  and  quality 
of  the  fruit.  The  soft  green  leaves,  often  measuring  two  feet 
across,  are  variously  palmated,  and  have  simple,  long  hollow 
stems.  The  Papaya  is  usually  dioceous ;  the  fruit-bearing  tree  is 
called  the  female,  it  is  claimed  that  trees  of  both  sexes  should  be 
planted  near  each  other,  in  order  to  ensure  a  good  yield.  The 
female  flowers,  which  appear  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  are 
yellowish-white,  are  single  or  2-3  together. 

The  fruit  of  the  Papaya  ripens  successively.  It  is  either  round 
or  oblong,  and  sometimes  weighs  eight  pounds.  The  skin  is  thin, 
and  is  bright  yellow  when  ripe.  The  firm  yellow  pulp  has  a  deli- 
cious flavor,  and  the  milky  juice  contains  a  digestive  principle 
similar  to  pepsine.  The  seed-cavity  is  large,  and  is  filled  with 
many  small  seeds  which  are  enveloped,  in  a  loose  mucus  coat,  with 
a  brittle,  pitted  testa.  When  fresh  these  seeds  germinate  readily. 


75 


PLATE  XXXV.— Papaia   (fruit,  female  tree). 


76 


G.P.    r.  collection.  PLATE   XXXVI. 

Car  tea  Papaya. 
PAPAIA  (fruit,  male  tree). 

The  size,  shape,  foliage  and  general  appearance  of  this  tree,  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding  variety.  Its  flowers  appear  on 
long  stems,  are  funnel-shape,  and  have  five  lobes.  The  male  tree 
sometimes  produces  fruit,  and  it  is  of  large  size  and  fine  quality. 
A  good  sample  may  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  illustration. 

I  know  of  no  method  whereby  one  can,  by  any  selection  of 
seeds,  produce  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  plants  of  either  male 
or  female  variety. 


77 


I 


PLATE  XXXVI.— Papaia  (fruit,  male  tree). 


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